Agile software development - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Agile Software Development is a set of software development methods in which requirements and solutions evolve through collaboration between self- organizing,[1]cross- functional teams. It promotes adaptive planning, evolutionary development, early delivery, continuous improvement, and encourages rapid and flexible response to change.[2]The Manifesto for Agile Software Development,[3] also known as the Agile Manifesto, was first proclaimed in 2. Agile Methodology" was originally introduced by the preeminent software engineers[citation needed] of the late 1. The Manifesto came out of the DSDM Consortium in 1. Du. Pont and works by James Martin[4] and James Kerr et al.[5]History[edit]Incremental software development methods trace back to 1.
In 1. 97. 4, E. A. Edmonds wrote a paper that introduced an adaptive software development process.[7][8] Concurrently and independently, the same methods were developed and deployed by the New York Telephone Company's Systems Development Center under the direction of Dan Gielan. In the early 1. 97. Tom Gilb started publishing the concepts of evolutionary project management (EVO), which has evolved into competitive engineering.[9] During the mid- to late 1.
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Gielan lectured extensively throughout the U. S. on this methodology, its practices, and its benefits. A collection of lightweight software development methods evolved in the mid- 1. These lightweight methods included: from 1. DSDM); from 1. 99. XP"); and from 1.
Although these originated before the publication of the Agile Manifesto in 2. Agile, with a capital A, although this is progressively becoming deprecated.[1. The Agile Manifesto[edit]In February 2.
Snowbird resort in Utah to discuss lightweight development methods. They published the Manifesto for Agile Software Development,[3] in which they said that by "uncovering better ways of developing software by doing it and helping others do it," they have come to value Individuals and interactions over Processes and tools, Working software over Comprehensive documentation, Customer collaboration over Contract negotiation, and Responding to change over Following a plan.
Individuals and interactions: self- organization and motivation are important, as are interactions like co- location and pair programming. Working software: working software is more useful and welcome than just presenting documents to clients in meetings.
Customer collaboration: requirements cannot be fully collected at the beginning of the software development cycle, therefore continuous customer or stakeholder involvement is very important. Responding to change: agile methods are focused on quick responses to change and continuous development.[1. Some of the authors formed the Agile Alliance, a non- profit organization that promotes software development according to the manifesto's values and principles. Introducing the manifesto on behalf of the Agile Alliance, Jim Highsmith said,The Agile movement is not anti- methodology, in fact many of us want to restore credibility to the word methodology.
We want to restore a balance. We embrace modeling, but not in order to file some diagram in a dusty corporate repository. We embrace documentation, but not hundreds of pages of never- maintained and rarely- used tomes. We plan, but recognize the limits of planning in a turbulent environment. Those who would brand proponents of XP or SCRUM or any of the other Agile Methodologies as "hackers" are ignorant of both the methodologies and the original definition of the term hacker.
Jim Highsmith, History: The Agile Manifesto[1. Agile principles[edit]The Agile Manifesto is based on twelve principles: [1.
Customer satisfaction by early and continuous delivery of valuable software. Welcome changing requirements, even in late development. Working software is delivered frequently (weeks rather than months)Close, daily cooperation between business people and developers. Projects are built around motivated individuals, who should be trusted. Face- to- face conversation is the best form of communication (co- location)Working software is the principal measure of progress.
Sustainable development, able to maintain a constant pace. Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design. Simplicity—the art of maximizing the amount of work not done—is essential. Best architectures, requirements, and designs emerge from self- organizing teams. Regularly, the team reflects on how to become more effective, and adjusts accordingly.
Evolutions[edit]Later, Ken Schwaber with others founded the Scrum Alliance and created the Certified Scrum Master programs and its derivatives. Schwaber left the Scrum Alliance in the fall of 2.
Scrum. org. In 2. Alistair Cockburn and Jim Highsmith wrote an addendum of project management principles, the Declaration of Interdependence,[1. In 2. 00. 9, a movement by Robert C Martin wrote an extension of software development principles, the Software Craftsmanship Manifesto, to guide agile software development according to professional conduct and mastery. In 2. 01. 1 the original Agile Alliance[1. Guide to Agile Practices, an evolving open- source compendium of the working definitions of agile practices, terms, and elements, along with interpretations and experience guidelines from the world- wide community of agile practitioners.
The PRINCE2 project management methodology, used on many British Government projects, is being enhanced to manage projects that use Agile techniques.[1. Overview[edit]Pair programming, an agile development technique used by XP. Note information radiators in the background. There are many specific agile development methods. Most promote development, teamwork, collaboration, and process adaptability throughout the life- cycle of the project.
Iterative, incremental and evolutionary[edit]Most agile development methods break the tasks into small increments with minimal planning and do not directly involve long- term planning. Iterations are short time frames (timeboxes) that typically last from one to four weeks. Each iteration involves a cross- functional team working in all functions: planning, requirements analysis, design, coding, unit testing, and acceptance testing. At the end of the iteration a working product is demonstrated to stakeholders. This minimizes overall risk and allows the project to adapt to changes quickly. An iteration might not add enough functionality to warrant a market release, but the goal is to have an available release (with minimal bugs) at the end of each iteration.[1.
Multiple iterations might be required to release a product or new features. Working software is the primary measure of progress. Efficient and face- to- face communication[edit]No matter what development disciplines are required, each agile team should include a customer representative (product owner in scrum). This person is appointed by stakeholders to act on their behalf[2. At the end of each iteration, stakeholders and the customer representative review progress and re- evaluate priorities with a view to optimizing the return on investment (ROI) and ensuring alignment with customer needs and company goals. In agile software development, an information radiator is a (normally large) physical display located prominently in an office, where passers- by can see it. It presents an up- to- date summary of the status of a software project or other product.[2.
The name was coined by Alistair Cockburn, and described in his 2. Agile Software Development.[2. A build light indicator may be used to inform a team about the current status of their project.
Very short feedback loop and adaptation cycle[edit]A common characteristic in agile is the daily "stand- up", also known as the daily scrum. In a brief session, team members report to each other what they did the previous day toward their team's sprint goal, what they intend to do today toward their team's sprint goal, and any roadblocks or impediments they can see to their team's sprint goal.[2. Quality focus[edit]Specific tools and techniques, such as continuous integration, automated unit testing, pair programming, test- driven development, design patterns, domain- driven design, code refactoring and other techniques are often used to improve quality and enhance project agility.[2. Philosophy[edit]Compared to traditional software engineering, agile software development mainly targets complex systems and projects with dynamic, non- deterministic and non- linear characteristics, where accurate estimates, stable plans, and predictions are often hard to get in early stages—and big up- front designs and arrangements would probably cause a lot of waste, i. These basic arguments and previous industry experiences, learned from years of successes and failures, have helped shape agile development's favor of adaptive, iterative and evolutionary development.[2. Adaptive vs. predictive[edit]Development methods exist on a continuum from adaptive to predictive.[2.
Agile methods lie on the adaptive side of this continuum. One key of adaptive development methods is a "Rolling Wave" approach to schedule planning, which identifies milestones but leaves flexibility in the path to reach them, and also allows for the milestones themselves to change.[2. Adaptive methods focus on adapting quickly to changing realities. When the needs of a project change, an adaptive team changes as well.
An adaptive team has difficulty describing exactly what will happen in the future. The further away a date is, the more vague an adaptive method is about what will happen on that date. An adaptive team cannot report exactly what tasks they will do next week, but only which features they plan for next month. When asked about a release six months from now, an adaptive team might be able to report only the mission statement for the release, or a statement of expected value vs. Predictive method, in contrast, focus on analysing and planning the future in detail and cater for known risks.